Introducing the All-New 2019 Lexus ES 350 & ES 300h


The seventh-generation Lexus ES sedan has just been revealed at the Beijing Motor Show, and it’s time to dive into our coverage — let’s start off with the official press release.


  • Emotional Design Reflects New Dynamic Capabilities
  • Introduction of the First F SPORT Model in the ES Lineup
  • Hybrid Model Delivers Exceptional Mileage and Improved Performance

BEIJING – After six generations of unprecedented success in the entry-luxury sedan category, the next-generation Lexus ES is forging a new, more ambitious path. Long known for its unparalleled comfort, refinement and luxury appointments, the seventh-generation ES builds on its strengths with an all- new chassis that allows for a more dynamic exterior design and the introduction of the first ES F SPORT.

Lexus ES Interior

Representing the third vehicle in the Future Chapter of Lexus that started with the LC coupe and LS sedan, the new ES expands that vision of the brand’s future to a broader audience. Traditional buyers will find the new ES more spacious, quieter and safer than ever before while a new generation of customers will be introduced to a sedan with sharpened performance, class-leading active safety technology and a level of craftsmanship rarely found in this segment.

The New Dimension of ES Design

Built on the all-new Global Architecture – K (GA-K) platform, the new ES pushes the limits of design in the luxury sedan class. This ES is longer (+2.6 in), lower (-.2 in) and wider (+1.8 in.) than before with wheels that have been pushed closer to the corners thanks to a two-inch longer wheelbase and wider tracks front (+.4 in) and rear (+1.5 in). Its stance and proportions reflect its newfound performance capabilities and give the ES the kind of eye-catching appearance that will make owners take a second look as they walk away.

Lexus ES Side Profile

Project Chief Designer, Yasuo Kajino, describes the look of the ES as “provocative elegance”.

“The ES has always been an elegant luxury sedan. For this generation, we have added daring design elements that challenge the traditional expectations of buyers.”

To create a dynamic yet fluid shape, Kaijino’s team used the low hood enabled by the new ES platform to produce a distinctive silhouette emphasized by an aggressive downward slant. Up front, the ES offers two dramatically different grille designs. The standard ES 350 and the ES 300h use elegant vertical bars that radiate out from the center while the ES 350 F SPORT model adopts a blacked out pattern consisting of “L”-shaped clusters with corresponding cut outs at each corner of the fascia.

Lexus ES Front

In a break with ES models of the past, the seventh-generation design uses a fast roofline that emphasizes its lower stance and slippery aerodynamics. The rear end is clean and sharply chiseled, with LED taillamps that wrap around the quarter panels to provide a continuous styling line from any angle. F SPORT models add a rear spoiler, additional rear badging and a dark lower valance to further refine the look.

Lexus ES Rear

There are three different wheel designs (standard 17-inch, two 18-inch) for the ES 350 and ES 300h while the ES 350 F SPORT gets standard 19-inch wheels with a design similar to that found on the LC coupe.

Lexus ES Wheel

A dozen colors make up the exterior paint palette including two new shades, one green and one beige, that are anything but typical. Moonbeam Beige Metallic was designed to mimic light reflecting off fresh snow, while Sunlit Green replicates the color of ocean water brightened by the sun. F SPORT models get an exclusive Ultra Sonic Blue Mica 2.0 color that complements its high-energy design.

The Future of Lexus Interiors

When designing the look and feel of the ES’s interior, Kajino’s team started with the Lexus Future Interior concept which blends a driver-centric cockpit with a spacious and comfortable area for the front passenger. In the ES, the driver’s focus is kept on the road ahead by placing the center display screen, instrument panel and available heads up display in a tight cluster in the driver’s field of view. Front passengers, on the other hand, get a more open and spacious environment that promotes relaxation.

Lexus ES Interior Angle

Rear seat passenger comfort has long been a hallmark of the ES and the seventh-generation model still prioritizes rear package capability despite the sleeker exterior roofline. A lower hip point and a carefully configured headliner preserve headroom while the longer wheelbase delivers generous legroom.

Lexus ES Rear Seats

To create an entirely different appearance for the inside of new F SPORT model, an all-new kind of metallic cabin trim was developed that is unlike anything else Lexus has done before. Inspired by the making of a traditional Japanese sword, Hadori aluminum trim features fluctuating wave patterns that give it a three-dimensional appearance that varies depending on the viewing angle. The effect is subtle yet indicative of the level of detail and craftsmanship that Kajino’s team put into giving the F SPORT a unique place in the lineup.

Lexus Interior Trim

The standard ES 350 and ES 300h will continue to offer traditional materials like Matte Bamboo, Linear Dark Mocha and Linear Espresso wood which give the ES a hand-crafted appearance that luxury buyers expect in this category.

A New Era of Performance

The engineering team led by Yasuhiro Sakakibara had one clear goal when it came to the ES: transform the image of the ES. That meant turning a sedan known primarily for comfort and quietness into one that is equally capable of delivering class-leading handling and power that you can feel and hear.

Lexus ES Driving

According to Sakakibara, this ES was built to deliver a fundamentally higher level of performance than any of its predecessors. “We knew that this ES had to feel responsive and easy to drive, no matter what kind of road it was on and that can only be achieved with a solid foundation.”

The starting point was the newly developed GA-K chassis. It’s an exceptionally rigid front-wheel drive chassis, rivalling the GA-L rear-wheel drive platform used for the LC coupe and LS sedan in terms of torsional stiffness. Various grades of high-tensile steel reduce weight versus previous platforms while additional enhancements like an all-new multi-link rear suspension design, rack-mounted electric power steering and a V-brace mounted behind the rear seat gave the engineers the flexibility to tune the ES with a newfound level of precision.

Lexus ES Driving Again

All of the upgrades to the chassis were designed to deliver a sense of comforting predictability coupled with a feeling of quick response to every movement. Yoshiaki Ito, chief test driver for Lexus, describes the ES’s heightened level and refined definition of comfort by saying: “We want every kind of driver to feel a sense of complete control when they are behind the wheel of the ES. It’s a level of comfort that goes beyond merely delivering a smooth ride.”

For an enhanced level of dynamic performance, F SPORT models offer an Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS) similar to that found on the LC coupe. AVS adds adjustable dampers at each corner that feature 650 levels of damping force for the ultimate in control over any surface. Another F SPORT exclusive is a Sport+ mode for the Drive Mode Select system that selects the most aggressive engine, transmission and suspension settings for maximum performance. A new Engine Sound Enhancement feature is also activated in Sport+ mode that adds an additional layer of engine noise that enhances the natural rhythms of the spirited driving.

Standard V6 Power and a New 8-Speed Direct-Shift Automatic Transmission

All ES 350s are powered by a 3.5-liter V6 that is designed to deliver commanding acceleration along with an invigorating sound. With an update to D4-S fuel injection, the impressively smooth engine now develops 302 horsepower and 267 pound-feet of torque. Both of those numbers are up significantly (+34 hp, +19 lb-ft) compared to the previous generation V6.

Lexus ES Engine

In addition to the boost in power, the ES 350 also benefits from a new eight-speed Direct Shift automatic transmission. It uses an ultra-thin torque converter and a multi-plate lock up clutch to more efficiently transfer power to the front wheels, and has been tuned to deliver crisp, precisely timed shifts with quick responses. With a wider spread of ratios, the new eight speed is able to utilize high torque gears on the low end for quick starts and tall gearing on the high end for optimum efficiency.

Fourth Generation Hybrid Drive System

Not to be outdone by its gasoline siblings, the ES 300h is capable of delivering exceptional fuel efficiency, responsive performance and minimal emissions for an entry-level luxury sedan. A new, fourth-generation Hybrid Drive System couples an ultra-efficient, Atkinson cycle 2.5-liter, four-cylinder gas engine with a lighter, more compact, more power dense electric motor and self-charging hybrid system. Together they deliver a combined 215 total system horsepower and a preliminary estimate of 44 mpg in combined driving.

An all-new engine, the 2.5-liter four-cylinder incorporates fast-burn combustion technology that makes it one of the most thermally efficient engines ever offered in a Lexus. The result is more power without increasing emissions or fuel consumption. Various methods were used to achieve such impressive results including straight intake ports, increased valve angles and laser-clad valve seats. A variable capacity oil pump, multihole injectors, VVTi-E on the intake valves and a variable cooling system also contribute to the engine’s impressive heat and combustion management.

Overall drivability of the ES 300h has been improved thanks to a more sophisticated hybrid system control computer that is better able to mimic the feel and power delivery of a standard gas engine. An all- new nickel metal hydride battery is smaller than before which allows it to be mounted underneath the back seat so it doesn’t infringe on trunk space.

Unparalleled Safety Comes Standard

One element of the ES that hasn’t been radically transformed is its dedication to safety. All versions of the seventh-generation ES feature the new Lexus Safety System+ 2.0 as standard equipment. Already one of the most sophisticated systems of its kind, LSS+ 2.0 adds new features that further expand its capabilities.

Lexus ES Headlight

One such feature is daytime bicyclist detection which is part of the comprehensive Pre-Collision System (PCS). Already designed to detect an oncoming vehicle or pedestrian, the PCS system’s ability to potentially detect a bicyclist addresses a common accident scenario. PCS has also been enhanced to help better detect a pedestrian at night by increasing the radar’s sensitivity and dynamic range.

Technology That Connects and Simplifies

Staying connected has never been so important to ES owners, so there are now multiple ways to engage with technology in a safe and convenient manner. For example, the seventh-generation ES is the first Lexus product to offer Apple CarPlayTM phone functionality, enabling drivers to control their iPhones® through the dashboard display screen or with Siri Eyes Free® voice control.

Lexus ES Carplay

The ES is also Amazon Alexa®-enabled, so drivers can use natural language commands to control a variety of functions. That functionality includes car-to-home and home-to-car commands, so owners who have Alexa enabled devices in their home can interact with their ES before they ever get behind the wheel.

On board Wi-fi powered by Verizon is also available on the ES as part of an optional navigation system that includes an easy-to-read 12.3-inch wide dashboard display. Along with its on-board data set, the navigation system is also capable of receiving over-the-air updates for improved routing and the latest Points of Interest (POIs). Models without navigation will use an 8-inch display and all interactions will be controlled through the Remote Touch Interface (RTI) trackpad.

The Next Chapter of ES

When it goes on sale in September, the 2019 Lexus ES will usher in a new era for one of the brand’s most popular models. Much like the flagship LS, the new ES sedan addresses the need to engage a broader range of customers. It delivers everything that traditional Lexus buyers expect along with elements that will draw in those who haven’t considered the brand before. Bolder styling, more dynamic performance, unique cabin materials and the latest technology add a chapter to the ES story that hasn’t been told, but that all changes in 2018.

Lexus ES Specs

FeaturesLexus ES: Sixth Generation
Comments
Levi
No LF-1 before 2020?
Sure, and RX, NX, CT? All of that before Tokyo 2020, so not sure what's left for after that.
I am giving credit to @franklexus, @t ClubLexus for posting this comparison:

LS


ES
Levi
No LF-1 before 2020?
Don't under estimate Lexus. Like I said it's my opinion. The 3GS upgrade to 3.5 engine between 2006 and 2007 that was even without a refresh or redesign also 2007 and 2008 430 to 460 change, the GX 2 row is another hint of how unpredictable they can be. The LS debuted with a TTV6 that most of us wasn't expecting especially after the LC lunch with V8. The most painful part of been a Lexus/Toyota enthusiast is they really don't let us know what is in works until maybe it's 90% done so all we can do is speculate or go with the rumors.
“In other brands you have to go to a higher price point to get that much room,” Ericksen says, pointing out the ES now offers more legroom than the larger LS sedan. “We have every indication we are going to continue to have a great conquest vehicle on our hands.”
This is coming from the recent article, Lexus ES F Sport Aimed at Younger Audience. Why are they advertising this? Do they really want to consumers to steer away from the LS? I don't know about the rest of you but Lexus marketing is taking a turn for the worse. If I was an LS owner, I don't want to see that my flagship vehicle has less rear leg room than the entry level luxury car that cost about 20-30k less. The ES has grown every generation and it's pretty damn scary. It doesn't feel like a midsize car.

Also, me being in the younger audience crowd that they are targeting to, I don't consider the ES F Sport on my list of vehicles to look at. It'll probably be the last vehicle I look at. I rather look at the new Corolla Hatchback over the ES. Nothing about the new ES is inspiring. I look at the rear quarter view and I see a lot of Camry influence. I see the front end; a lot of LS influence. I see the interior, a mix bag of previous generation RX mashed up with the LS interior. The rear end looks like the Sonata. I want something unique, which is why I have an IS F Sport.

I'm sorry Lexus but what's your target audience for the ES F-Sport. Mid-40s?
emptystreets130
This is coming from the recent article, Lexus ES F Sport Aimed at Younger Audience. Why are they advertising this? Do they really want to consumers to steer away from the LS? I don't know about the rest of you but Lexus marketing is taking a turn for the worse. If I was an LS owner, I don't want to see that my flagship vehicle has less rear leg room than the entry level luxury car that cost about 20-30k less. The ES has grown every generation and it's pretty damn scary. It doesn't feel like a midsize car.

Also, me being in the younger audience crowd that they are targeting to, I don't consider the ES F Sport on my list of vehicles to look at. It'll probably be the last vehicle I look at. I rather look at the new Corolla Hatchback over the ES. Nothing about the new ES is inspiring. I look at the rear quarter view and I see a lot of Camry influence. I see the front end; a lot of LS influence. I see the interior, a mix bag of previous generation RX mashed up with the LS interior. The rear end looks like the Sonata. I want something unique, which is why I have an IS F Sport.

I'm sorry Lexus but what's your target audience for the ES F-Sport. Mid-40s?
So if you think ES is uninspiring vehicle, why do you think it competes with LS then at all? It does not.
Reasons that make LS cool are not there in ES.

For people buying cars per yard, ES is great value.

As to the F-Sport, It is certainly targeted to less than 67 crowd, but not much less... ES is by far the most conservative Lexus, and this is on purpose.
Then they can go crazy with cars like UX.
spwolf
So if you think ES is uninspiring vehicle, why do you think it competes with LS then at all? It does not.
Reasons that make LS cool are not there in ES.

For people buying cars per yard, ES is great value.

As to the F-Sport, It is certainly targeted to less than 67 crowd, but not much less... ES is by far the most conservative Lexus, and this is on purpose.
Then they can go crazy with cars like UX.
I'm not saying it competes with the LS. I'm saying why get the LS if the ES will be bigger than the LS, and cheaper than the LS, with roughly the same power as the LS500h. Reading through the clublexus forums, not a lot of LS owners are happy with the ES.
spwolf
So if you think ES is uninspiring vehicle, why do you think it competes with LS then at all? It does not.
Reasons that make LS cool are not there in ES.

For people buying cars per yard, ES is great value.

As to the F-Sport, It is certainly targeted to less than 67 crowd, but not much less... ES is by far the most conservative Lexus, and this is on purpose.
Then they can go crazy with cars like UX.
I'm not saying it competes with the LS. I'm saying why get the LS if the ES will be bigger than the LS, and cheaper than the LS, with roughly the same power as the LS500h. Reading through the clublexus forums, not a lot of LS owners are happy with the ES.
emptystreets130
I'm not saying it competes with the LS. I'm saying why get the LS if the ES will be bigger than the LS, and cheaper than the LS, with roughly the same power as the LS500h. Reading through the clublexus forums, not a lot of LS owners are happy with the ES.

If they want to buy a car per yard, the Avalon is a better value.
if you read CL, then you know nobody there likes LS at all, and nobody is going to buy one... it is shifting demographics, they moved LS to be aspirational vehicle while ES is large affordable luxury sedan.

Just few posts above you have example while LS has less rear legroom, it is not a vehicle done by the numbers, unlike ES and RX for instance.

ES has roughly the power of S450 and similar 7 series and A8 too. So I guess it is same argument?
It is also more powerful than base engined 5/A6/E class that cost $10k more.

So by those arguments, there is no reason for S, 7, A8, etc to exist either.
emptystreets130
I'm not saying it competes with the LS. I'm saying why get the LS if the ES will be bigger than the LS, and cheaper than the LS, with roughly the same power as the LS500h. Reading through the clublexus forums, not a lot of LS owners are happy with the ES.

If they want to buy a car per yard, the Avalon is a better value.
Having bigger leg room doesn't mean it's bigger than the LS, the LS's rear seats still by fa more comfortable and nicer place to be in - the shoulders area certainly bigger-

For the power, the LS500h is by far more powerful, the materials inside the LS are coming truly from different world, so far from what you will get with the ES

There is no comparison at all, the leg room isn't everything.
emptystreets130
I'm sorry Lexus but what's your target audience for the ES F-Sport. Mid-40s?
Yes. Younger is relative to current ES owners.

The 20-30 crowd will get the IS/UX/NX instead.
Guys, I don't know how to say this but the ES vs LS talk is just not reality. No one that buys a LS seriously considers a ES it could have 50 more inches of leg room. People that want a LS want a LS or S class etc. If Legroom mattered that much they would buy a Avalon and save 60 grand.

I am not talking about the .000001% person who does. The price points and cars are completely different and it won't matter what the ES offers it won't hurt the LS.
mikeavelli
Guys, I don't know how to say this but the ES vs LS talk is just not reality. No one that buys a LS seriously considers a ES it could have 50 more inches of leg room. People that want a LS want a LS or S class etc. If Legroom mattered that much they would buy a Avalon and save 60 grand.

I am not talking about the .000001% person who does. The price points and cars are completely different and it won't matter what the ES offers it won't hurt the LS.
I don't understand how a technical question evolved into a ES vs LS nonsense. They are clearly not comparable cars. I was only asking how the ES has more legroom.
Was chatting about various models with my salesman this morning while my LS500 was detailed for delivery and he said that Lexus has promised dealers an AWD version of the 7ES, but they don't have a firm date yet other than "not this year".
ssun30
I don't understand how a technical question evolved into a ES vs LS nonsense. They are clearly not comparable cars. I was only asking how the ES has more legroom.
This is not in response to your tech question, but @emptystreets130 's post:

emptystreets130
This is coming from the recent article, Lexus ES F Sport Aimed at Younger Audience. Why are they advertising this? Do they really want to consumers to steer away from the LS? I don't know about the rest of you but Lexus marketing is taking a turn for the worse. If I was an LS owner, I don't want to see that my flagship vehicle has less rear leg room than the entry level luxury car that cost about 20-30k less. The ES has grown every generation and it's pretty damn scary. It doesn't feel like a midsize car.
Ian Schmidt
Was chatting about various models with my salesman this morning while my LS500 was detailed for delivery
Nicely done!
Does Lexus/Toyota have any AWD hybrid sedan? I know the last LS600h was. But any other? I was quite interested in the CH-R, but it only available as FWD HEV or AWD ICE.
Madi
Look at 1:48 in the following video, is that a rear seat back adjuster?

yeah thats cool, I also see that the ES will have heads-up display.
Levi
Does Lexus/Toyota have any AWD hybrid sedan? I know the last LS600h was. But any other? I was quite interested in the CH-R, but it only available as FWD HEV or AWD ICE.
UX250h is coming with AWD, i think same powertrain will soon come to CHR as well, maybe even later this year.

I think some Japanese RWD hybrid Toyota's had e-awd system, based on 300h powertrain + front electric motors.
Levi
Does Lexus/Toyota have any AWD hybrid sedan? I know the last LS600h was. But any other? I was quite interested in the CH-R, but it only available as FWD HEV or AWD ICE.
I guess you mean any non-SUV AWD vehicle ?

Yes, the new prius is a hatchback and it has E-Four system in Japan and many other markets, so if there is any possibility for the ES to come with an AWD system, I think the ES300h is the only one which may get it not the ES350 or any gasoline model.





This one?

This one is a RWD platform, and its AWD is Full-Time AWD, basically RWD

I guess he asked about non-SUV transverse mounted engines with AWD :)
Madi
This one is a RWD platform, and its AWD is Full-Time AWD, basically RWD

I guess he asked about non-SUV transverse mounted engines with AWD :)
they dont seem to sell them outside Japan and few countries around it? Prius and Crown or whatever else had that 300h powertrain with RWD and e-awd
spwolf
UX250h is coming with AWD, i think same powertrain will soon come to CHR as well, maybe even later this year.

I think some Japanese RWD hybrid Toyota's had e-awd system, based on 300h powertrain + front electric motors.
The Crown Hybrid 4WD uses a conventional transaxle after the hybrid system output shaft and is a full-time AWD system. To me it's something they should do on next-gen high power (>150kW) transverse hybrids like the Highlander and RX. E-Four is just way too much effort for very little gain.
ssun30
The Crown Hybrid 4WD uses a conventional transaxle after the hybrid system output shaft and is a full-time AWD system. To me it's something they should do on next-gen high power (>150kW) transverse hybrids like the Highlander and RX. E-Four is just way too much effort for very little gain.
Did they change the layout of the Crown engine ?



As I know the Crown has longitudinal mounted engine, and its Hybrid is basically the same as of the GS or LS

Its a RWD mid-size vehicle, or as I call it re-skinned GS o_O
ssun30
The Crown Hybrid 4WD uses a conventional transaxle after the hybrid system output shaft and is a full-time AWD system. To me it's something they should do on next-gen high power (>150kW) transverse hybrids like the Highlander and RX. E-Four is just way too much effort for very little gain.
well it is certainly only way to make it right, but i thought it is much heavier than e-four? Also it would ruin MPG, so it does depend on the vehicle I guess.
Madi
Did they change the layout of the Crown engine ?
No it's still longitudinal. If you don't read Japanese you can tell from the direction of the arrows. Also, the GS is a re-skinned Crown not the other way around.

spwolf
well it is certainly only way to make it right, but i thought it is much heavier than e-four? Also it would ruin MPG, so it does depend on the vehicle I guess.
Current E-Four does not save weight; it was lighter in theory but haven't materialized yet. Maybe with TNGA updates it can reach parity with traditional systems. Yes E-Four will have some MPG advantage since it's part-time, but it will be carrying a lot of dead weight as well. If they connect the hybrid system to DTV-AWD it will achieve the same goal while still leaving the possibility of locking the vehicle in AWD mode.
Thanks for all the replies. I have done some research and can now myself answer to my own question. It gets harder to find technical information in our times, because what sells are not technical specifications, but marketing jargon. Anyway, I'll leave TMC terminology aside, because it is confusing and I'll call everything as it is.

TMC has basically two AWD systems for ICE versions:
On-Demand AWD: front transverse engine with mechanical linkage to all wheels (F4-T)
Part/Full-Time AWD: front longitudinal engine with mechanical linkage to all wheels (F4-L)

TMC also has two AWD systems for HEV versions:
For FF-T layout: unlike the ICE versions, AWD HEVs have no mechanical linkage to rear wheels. Rear wheels are powered by an electric motor, in addition to the front electric motor. So AWD HEV with FF-T layout, just has an additional motor at the rear axle.
For FR-L layout: is uses the mechanical components of F4-L versions. It is just adds the electric motor between the engine and the transmission.

So to answer to my question: There are no TMC cars or sedans (with exception of the Prius that @Madi mentioned) with FF-T layout that use the AWD system of HEV CUVs/SUVs. But technically they could, and it is likely the ES will get it. It will also be a 'first' for TMC. However, (P)HEV versions of FF-T layout will never have any mechanical linkage to rear wheels. This is noticeable in the whole industry, recently announced by Infiniti, and quite probably also the future of Audi and Subaru even with FF-L layout.

But there are indeed TMC cars or sedans with FR-L layout that are HEV and have AWD. The first car of this kind was the LS 600h. Technically every Lexus (or Toyota) HEV that has an FR-L layout could have AWD. And it is indeed true that there are the IS 300h, is available, not only as RWD, but also as AWD in some markets. What is interesting, is that the Toyota Crown that is related to the Lexus GS, has an AWD version of the 4 cylinder hybrid, but the GS does not. A GS450h AWD could have been a technical possibility, but there was probably no business case for it.


Regarding TMCs 'new' AWD systems, there is nothing really new. The 'novelty', regardless if mechanical or electric power, is torque management, known as torque vectoring. But there are not enough details to know what type of torque vectoring. For reminder of the types of diffs:
  • no torque distribution control (open/locked diff)
  • passive torque distribution control (mechanical differential)
  • passive torque distribution control (passive braking)
  • braking control (active braking)
  • torque vectoring control (active differential)
Levi
  • passive torque distribution control (mechanical differential)
  • passive torque distribution control (passive braking)
  • braking control (active braking)
  • torque vectoring control (active differential)
new system is likely more affordable than regular systems and fuel saving, but yeah it can distribute torque to each wheel individually.

I mean Toyota has owned Torsen for a long time now, 14 years or so, there is no reason for them to be able to adopt single, better system across the board.

Otherwise, they have previously used various different systems for various vehicles, for instance most of their Japanese vehicles, even cheap Yaris, have full time AWD system.

S